Page 1 of 5

European Journal of Business &

Social Sciences

Available at https://ejbss.org/

ISSN: 2235-767X

Volume 07 Issue 05

May 2019

Available online:https://ejbss.org/ P a g e | 836

Properties of ternary cement concrete under various

Curing conditions

S. PANDIARAJAN

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PRIST (Deemed to be University), THANJAVUR.

ABSTRACT

Properties of ternary cement concrete, such as set time, strength, datum temperature, and

maturity of concrete containing various slag-blended cements and 15% Class C fly ash, were

investigated. The slag-blended cements were made of Type I or I/II cement clinker with 20, 25,

or 35% ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS). The concretes were cured at

temperatures of 10, 21 and 32C (50, 70 and 90F), which simulate cold, normal, and hot weather

field conditions. The results indicated that fly ash replacement generally increased concrete set

time, while effect of slag replacement on concrete set time was dependent on the type of clinker

used. Concrete datum temperature and activation energy increased with fly ash and slag content.

Curing conditions significantly influenced the concrete strength-maturity correlation. This

manual is a summary of the findings of a comprehensive study.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this document is to provide

engineers with the information they need to

makeeducated decisions on the use of

ternary mixtures for constructing concrete

structures. A ternarymixture is one that

contains portland cement and two other

materials in the binder, blended eitherat the

cement plant or at the batch plant. The

materials included may be interground

limestone orsupplementary cementitious

materials (SCMs) such as slag cement, fly

ash, silica fume, ormetakaolin. The

information in this document is largely

based on the findings of a

significantresearch project conducted over

the last seven years in three phases at Penn

State, UtahUniversity, and Iowa State

University (Tikalsky 2007, 2011, Taylor

2012, respectively) alongwith published

Page 2 of 5

European Journal of Business &

Social Sciences

Available at https://ejbss.org/

ISSN: 2235-767X

Volume 07 Issue 05

May 2019

Available online:https://ejbss.org/ P a g e | 837

data. The first stage of work was to evaluate

paste and mortar mixtures using anarray of

several portland cements and blended

cements, mixed with supplementary

cementitiousmaterials. More than 120

differentcombinations were mixed and

tested for properties such as setting time,

flow, strength development, shrinkage, and

sulfate resistance. The second stage of the

work was to select a more limited subset of

materials tested in pastes and mortars and to

conduct tests for a broader range of

properties including bleeding, air content,

alkali reactivity, electrical resistivity, and

freeze-thaw resistance. A limited number of

mixtures containing limestone as one of the

components of the binder were included.

Some of the testing included evaluating the

effects of low or high temperature mixing

and curing conditions. An additional stage

of work included fi eld demonstrations in

which bridge elements and one pavement

were constructed in seven states around the

country using ternary mixtures. Samples

were taken at the time of construction, and

the mixtures were evaluated. In addition,

feedback was obtained from the contractors

about their experiences with the mixtures.

The information gathered indicated that

there are few technical barriers to delivering

ternary concrete mixtures with required

performance parameters. In general, the

effects of the mixtures could be predicted

from a knowledge of the effects of the

individual ingredients; i.e., there were few

observed positive ornegative synergies from

interactions between the ingredients. As may

be expected, increasing theamount of any

given material may have desirable or

beneficial effect(s), such as reduced heat of

hydration, but other associated side effects,

such as delayed setting, may require changes

or closeattention to construction practices.

One of the benefits of using a ternary system

is that a negative effect from one product

may be balanced by the beneficial effect of

another. In this way, reliablemixtures can be

produced that contain relatively low

amounts of cement clinker, which will

improve sustainability both by reducing

environmental impacts and by increasing the

beneficial usage of a material that would

have otherwise been considered a waste.

The following pages summarize the findings

of the research, with supporting data from

the literature. First, the effects of ternary

mixtures on fresh and hardened properties of

mixtures are discussed, followed by a

Page 3 of 5

European Journal of Business &

Social Sciences

Available at https://ejbss.org/

ISSN: 2235-767X

Volume 07 Issue 05

May 2019

Available online:https://ejbss.org/ P a g e | 838

discussion about sustainability. Factors that

need to be considered by designers are

discussed from the point of view of both

structural design and mixture design. The

final chapters discuss changes that may be

needed in construction practice and quality

management.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Size reduction by grinding

Ultra-fine silica fume and metakaolin were

obtained by subjecting the mineral

admixturesseparately to different hours of

grinding in a planetary ball mill using

zirconium balls. It can be noted that initially

when the ballmill is loaded with its full

capacity the percentage reduction in size

was only 20.84%, laterthe quantity was

reduced to 50% and a greater percentage of

reduction in size about 75.45%from the

original size of microsilica was obtained.

The same procedure was adopted

forgrinding metakaolin also. It can be seen

that major reduction in size of about 75.84%

was

obtained when 50g of metakaolin were

subjected to grinding for 1 hour.Ceramic

powder was prepared by grinding waste

ceramic tiles in dry ball mill. Wasteceramic

tiles are fed into the dry ball mill with 7 steel

balls of diameter 30 mm weighing 400gm

each. The ceramic tiles were subjected to

grinding for different grinding periods such

us30 minutes, 45 minutes and 60 minutes

and then the powder obtained was sieved

through a75 micron sieve to collect particles

finer than cement. The samples of ceramic

powderground at different durations were

subjected to Particle size analysis and

sample which isfiner was used for the

research work. The particle size of the

ceramic powder was checked byzeta

analyzer to ensure that their size is less than

the size of cement. As the particles reached

ultra-fine size at one hour grinding, the

experiments were carried out with samples

ground for one hour only, fixing that as the

optimum duration for obtaining finer

particles.

Strength of SF blended binary mix

Though silica fume is known to have a

better long term strength increase due to its

pozzolanicaction and fineness, the 28 day

strength results showed a nominal strength

rise only when used in unground state. The