Page 1 of 5
European Journal of Business &
Social Sciences
Available at https://ejbss.org/
ISSN: 2235-767X
Volume 07 Issue 05
May 2019
Available online: https://ejbss.org/ P a g e | 1
Experimental Investigation on Low Cost Paver Blocks with
Partial Replacement of Cement by Using Groundnut Shell Ash
& Egg Shell Powder
Christina Immaculate. X, PG Student
Dept. of Civil Engineering
PRIST University
Thanjavur-403, India
christinacivil@gmail.com
Abstract — The disposal of agro wastes is a very important
problem, which can cause risk to public health, contamination of
water resources and polluting the environment.
Groundnut shell ash is the residue powder that is left after the
combustion of Groundnut shell. The groundnut shell is obtained
as a agricultural waste, the nuts inside the shells used to get
vegetable oil which is used in households .it has to be burn 500 to
600°C to get the ash. Eggshell consists of several mutually
growing layers of CaCO3, the innermost layer-maxillary 3 layer
grows on the outermost egg membrane and creates the base on
which palisade layer constitutes the thickest part of the eggshell.
It is the fine grained powder with suitable proportion which is
sieved to the required size before use with concrete/mortar. Thus
the project is carried out to use the waste from food industries in
make paver blocks and the physical properties of the waste and
cement is carried out and paver blocks were casted to find its
strength behaviour)
Index Terms—Agro waste, Groundnut shell ash, Eggshell,
I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is being widely used for the construction of most
of the buildings, bridges and it is also known as backbone to
the infrastructure development of a nation. At present, for a
variety of reasons, the concrete industry is not sustainable.
Firstly, it consumes huge amount of natural resource due to
which no virgin material will be left for future generation.
Secondly, the major component of concrete is cement and lot
amount of green house gas will be emitted in the
manufacturing processes of cement. Thirdly, concrete structure
suffers from durability problem due to which natural resources
are wasted. Therefore, there is a need to find an alternative
method so that concrete industry becomes sustainable.
The cement produces about 5% of CO2 emissions of the
world. 900kg of CO2 for every 1000kg of cement produced.
Hence, currently, the entire construction industry is in search of
a suitable and effective the waste product that would
considerably minimize the use of cements and ultimately
reduces the construction cost. And also waste byproducts from
agriculture and industry like fly ash, rice husk ash, egg shells,
copper slag, quarry dust etc are creating environmental and
health concern problems. Therefore, in the present study fly
ash and egg shell powder are used in concrete as a partial
replacement of cement.It has been reported that, without proper
alternative aggregates being utilized in the near future, the
concrete industry globally will consume 8- 12 billion tons
annually of natural aggregates after the year 2010. Such large
consumption of natural aggregates will cause destruction of the
environment.
India stand is third in the world electricity generation
according to Global Energy Statistical Yearbook. In the past,
fly ash obtained from coal combustion was simply and
dispersed into atmosphere. This created environmental and
health concerns problems. Instead of dispersing it into
atmosphere or sending it to land fill it can be effectively used
in concrete production as supplementary material to cement.
Fly ash is an ash produced during combustion of coal. There
are two types of fly ash, one is class F fly ash and another one
is class C. Class F fly ash contains less than 5% lime and class
C fly ash contains more than 10% of lime.
India ranks second in the world with annual egg
production. These many egg shells will be a waste annually.
Disposal of these egg shells is a big problem because if they
are send to landfills attracts vermin and causes problems
related to human health and environment. Egg shell are rich in
calcium and has nearly same composition that of limestone.
Use of eggshell waste instead of natural lime in cement can
have benefits like conserving natural lime and utilizing waste
material. The aim of the current study is to determine the
potential use of these wastes as a cementing material for
concrete.
Page 2 of 5
European Journal of Business &
Social Sciences
Available at https://ejbss.org/
ISSN: 2235-767X
Volume 07 Issue 05
May 2019
Available online: https://ejbss.org/ P a g e | 2
II. USE OF WASTE MATERIAL
The proper use of waste materials fundamentally affects
our economy and environment. Over a period of time waste
management has become one of the most complex and
challenging problems in India affecting the environment. The
rapid growth of industrialization gave birth to numerous kinds
of waste by products which are environmentally hazard and
create problems of storage. The construction industry has
always been at fore front in consuming these waste products.
The slag in concrete not only helps in reducing green-house
gases but also helps in making environmentally friendly
material.
The demand of natural sand is quite high in the developing
countries due to the rapid infrastructural growth. In this
situation developing country like India is facing shortage of
good quality natural sand. In India natural sand deposits are
being depleted and causing serious threat to environment as
well as the society.
Increasing extraction of natural sand from river beds causes
many problems such as loosing water retaining sand strata,
deepening of the river courses and causing bank slides, loss of
vegetation on the bank of rivers, exposing the intake well of
water supply schemes, disturbance to the aquatic life and
affecting agriculture due to lowering of underground water
table. In the past decade variable cost of natural sand used as
fine aggregate in concrete has increased the cost of
construction many folds. In this situation research began for
inexpensive and easily available alternative material to natural
sand
Some alternative materials have already been used as a part
of natural sand, flyash, slag, limestone and siliceous stone
powder were used in concrete mixtures as a partial replacement
of natural sand. However, scarcity in require Quality is the
major limitation in some of the above materials. Now a day’s
sustainable infrastructural growth demands the alternative
material that should satisfy technical requisites of fine
aggregate and at the same time it should be available
abundantly
III. AGRO BASED WASTE
In the third world countries, the most common and readily
available material that can be used to partially replace cement
without economic implications are agro based wastes, notable
ones are Acha husk ash (AHA), Bambara groundnut shell ash
(BGSA), Bone powder ash (BPA), Groundnut shell ash (GSA),
Rice husk ash (RHA) and Wood Ash (WA). Additional agro
waste material include Ashes from the burning of dried banana
leaves, bagass, bamboo leaves, some timber species, sawdust
and periwinkle shell ash (PSA) (Michael, 1994).
IV. UTILIZATION AGRO WASTE IN CONCRETE
A. Advantages of Using Waste in Concrete
Land Pollution: Primarily the ash disposal problem from
sugar industry is reduced since it is usually disposed off in
open land area.
Economy: Due to the non-availability of fine aggregate, the
price of natural sand which is used as fine aggregate has
increased by three folds in the past few months. Hence the
overall cost involved in the construction is reduced.
Future Demand: Partial replacement will also help in
meeting the increasing demand for fine aggregate in future.
B. List of materials used
•Cement
•Fine Aggregate
•Coarse Aggregate
•Water
•Groundnut shell ash and Egg shell powder)
C. Cement
Cement is a material that has adhesive and cohesive
properties enabling it to bond mineral fragments into a solid
mass. Cement consists of silicates and aluminates of lime made
from limestone and clay (or shale) which is ground, blended,
fused in a kiln and crushed to a powder. Cement chemically
combines with water (hydration) to form a hardened mass.
Typical Portland cements are mixtures of tri calcium silicate
(3CaO . SiO2), tri calcium aluminate (3CaO.Al2O3 ) and di
calcium silicate (2 CaO SiO2) in varying proportions, together
with small amount of magnesium and iron compounds.
D. Aggregate
Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. They
give body to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect
economy. Earlier, aggregates were considered as chemically
inert materials but now it has been recognized that some of the
aggregates are chemically active and also that certain
aggregates exhibit chemical bond at the interface of aggregate
and paste. The more fact that the aggregates occupy 70–80 per
cent of the volume of concrete, their impact on various
characteristics and properties of concrete is undoubtedly
considerable.
Aggregates are divided into two categories from the
consideration of size
(i) Fine aggregate and
(ii) Coarse aggregate
E. Groundnut shell ash
Groundnut shell ash is the residue powder that is left after
the combustion of Groundnut shell. The groundnut shell is
obtained as a agricultural waste, the nuts inside the shells used
Page 3 of 5
European Journal of Business &
Social Sciences
Available at https://ejbss.org/
ISSN: 2235-767X
Volume 07 Issue 05
May 2019
Available online: https://ejbss.org/ P a g e | 3
to get vegetable oil which is used in households .it has to be
burn 500 to 600°C to get the ash.
F. Egg Shell Powder
Egg shell consists of several mutually growing layers of
CaCO3, the innermost layer-maxillary 3 layer grows on the
outermost egg membrane and creates the base on which
palisade layer constitutes the thickest part of the eggshell. The
top layer is a vertical layer covered by the organic cuticle. The
eggshell primarily contains calcium, magnesium carbonate
(lime) and protein. In many other countries, it is the accepted
practice for eggshell to be dried and use as a source of
calcium in animal feeds.
V. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
A. Compressive Strength
After curing, the following tests were carried out on the
concrete specimens 28th day cube (150 mm x 150 mm x 150
mm) compressive strength test was conducted in accordance
with BS 1881: part 116 using a loading rate of 1.5 KN/s. 3,7,14
and 28 day cylinder (150 mm dia and 300 mm length) splitting
tensile strength test was done in accordance with STM C496-
96 using a loading raye of 1.5 kN../s
All strength tests were conducted using a universal
compression testing machine
TABLE I. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH N/MM2
Percentage of
replacement
Age of
curing
(days)
Average
crushing
load
Compressive
strength
(N/mm2
)
0%
GSA+ESP
14 89 2.53
28 158 3.5
10%
GSA+ESP
14 80 2.78
28 142 4.03
20%
GSA+ESP
14 75 3.02
28 126 4.16
30%
GSA+ESP
14 43 2.27
28 91 3.55
40%
GSA+ESP
14 24 2.03
28 41 2.66
50%
GSA+ESP
14 14 1.02
28 22 1.65
Fig. 1. Compressive Strength of modified concrete
B. Split Tensile Strength
The cylinder was casted, cured and tested according to the
IS standard, the result of split tensile for 28th day was listed in
the Table 2. The Figure 2 shows the split tensile strength
results in N/mm2
TABLE II. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
Percentage of
replacement
Split tensile strength
(N/mm2
)
0% GSA+ES 2.501
10% GSA+ES 2.661
20% GSA+ES 2.573
30% GSA+ES 2.218
40% GSA+ES 2.206
50% GSA+ES 2.113
