Page 1 of 12

European Journal of Business &

Social Sciences

Available at https://ejbss.org/

ISSN: 2235-767X

Volume 06 Issue 10

October 2018

Available online: https://ejbss.org/ P a g e | 116

U;kf;d lfØ;rk&,d fo”ys’k.kkRed v/;;u

M‚- la?k lsu Çlg

,lksfl,V çksQslj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx

';kek çlkn eq[k+tÊ jktdh; egkfo|ky; bykgkckn

Hkkjr dk l afo/kku “kklu ds rhuks a vaxks ;Fkk] fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk ds vf/kdkj {ks=ksa]

nkf;Roksa vkSj e;kZnkvksa dks lqLi’V rk Sj ij ifjHkkf’kr djrk g S rkfd “kklu ds ;s rhuksa v ax viuh&viuh

lhekvksa esa jgrs gq;s viuh vf/kdkfjrk ,oa nkf;Roksa dk Lora=rk iwoZd fuoZgu dj ldsaA fo/kk;h

dk;Zikfydh; vkSj U;kf;d “kfDr;ksa ds rdZl axr i`FkDdj.k ;g Li’V dj nsrk gS fd l afo/kku dk

mn~ns”; fdlh dks Hkh vlhfer vf/kdkj vkSj “kfDRk iznku djuk ugha gS D;ks afd fdlh laLFkk dh fujadq”k

“kfDRk dh ifj.kfr mlds nq:Ik;ksx ds :Ik eas gks ldrh gSA ljdkj dks larqfyr <ax ls dk;Z djus ds

fy;s ;g Hkh vko”;d gksrk gS fd *”kfDRk;ksa ds i`FkDdj.k* ds vfrfjDr “kklu ds bu rhuksa vaxksa ds e/;

fu;a=.k ,oa larqyu LFkkfir fd;k tk;s vkSj ;gh dkj.k g S fd izR;sd vaXk dks dqN ,slh “kfDRk;ka iznku

dh tkrh g Sa ftuds ek/;e ls vko”;drk vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj os ,d&nwljs dh “kfDRk;ksa dk

iz;ksx djrh gSa] rkfd fdlh ,d vax dh fu’d`;rk ;k ykijokgh ls mits vlarks’k vkSj “kwU;rk dks Hkjk

tk ldsA tc Hkh bue sa ls dksbZ ,d ;k nks fdUgh dkj.kksa ls FkksM+s <hys IkM+r s gS] ;k vius nkf;Roksa ds

izfr mnklhurk ;k ykijokgh fn[kkrs gSa rks yksdr a= dh xkM+h iVjh ls mrjus yxrh gSA mnkgj.k ds

fy;s fo/kk;h “kfDRk;ka fo/kkf;dk 1⁄4l aln1⁄2 ds ikl gksrh gS] ysfdu dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk ds ikl

dqN ,slh “kfDRk gksrh gS ftlds ek/;e ls os fo/kkf;dk ij v adq”k yxkrs gSaA blh izdkj dk;Zikfydk

vkSj U;k;ikfydk dh fujadq”krk ij Hkh jksd yxkus ds izko/kku fd;s tkrs gSaA

oLrqr% U;k;ikfydk ljdkj dk ,d ,slk vax gS] ftldk laca/k jkT; ds cqfu;knh eqíksa fooknks a ds

fuiVkus] lekt esa dkuwu O;oLFkk dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s dku wuksa dks ykxw djus rFkk yksxksa dks U;k;

iznku dju s ls gksrk gSA ekuo lekt esa fHkUu&fHkUu i zdkj ds fooknks a dk mRiUu gksuk LoHkkfod gS] ftls

lkSgknZiw.kZ < ax ls fuiVkus esa U;kf;d izfØ;k dk “kh’kZLFk LFkku gSA ;|fi “kklu esa uhfrxr fu.kZ; ysus

vkSj mUgs a ykx w djus dh ftEesnkjh fo/kkf;dk vkSj dk;Zikfydk dh gksrh gS rFkkfi “kklu ds ;s nksuk sa

vax viuk dk;Z lqpk: :Ik ls dj jgs gSa ;k ugha ;g ns[kus dk dke U;k;ikfydk djrh gS vkSj ;fn

dk;Zikfydk vkSj fo/kkf;dk vius nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu Bhd izdkj ls ugha dj ik jgs gSa rks U;k;ikfydk

Page 2 of 12

European Journal of Business &

Social Sciences

Available at https://ejbss.org/

ISSN: 2235-767X

Volume 06 Issue 10

October 2018

Available online: https://ejbss.org/ P a g e | 117

dks vius ijaijkxr vf/kdkj {ks= ls ckgj fudydj vf/kd lfØ;rk fn[kkuh iM+rh gSA og dk;Zikfydk

vkSj fo/kkf;dk }kjk dh x;h p wd ,oa xyfr;ksa ij vf/kd /;ku nsu s yxrh gSA mUgs a muds drZO; iFk

ij ykus ds fy;s vkns”k nsu s yxrh gSA vkt U;k;ikfydk flQZ U;k; iznku djus dk dk;Z ugha dj jgh

vfirq og ,d iz”kkld] lq/kkjd vk Sj uhfr fu/kkZjd dh Hkwfedk esa [kM+h fn[kkb Z n s jgh gSA nwljs “kCnksa es a]

U;k;ikfydk U;k; lac a/kh dk;kZsa ds laiknu ds vfrfjDr ,sls dk;Z Hkh dj jgh gS tks ewy :Ik l s

dk;Zdkfj.kh }kjk laikfnr fd;s tkuk pkfg,A1

U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk vFk Z

U;kf;d lfØ;rk ls rkRi;Z ,slh izo`fRr ls gS] ftlesa ns”k dh U;k;ikfydk lkekftd vkSj iz”kklfud

xfrfof/k;ks a dks fu;fer djus esa “kklu ds vU; vaxksa&O;oLFkkfidk vkSj dk;Zikfydk ls c<+p<+dj

Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxrh gSA fiNys dqN n”kdksa ls Hkkjr ds lokZsPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ks a us n s”k

dh jktuhfr] iz”kklu vkSj lkekftd vkfFkZd thou esa O;kIr lqLrh] mnklhurk vkSj vU;k; ds f[kykQ

dk;Zikfydk vkSj O;OkLFkkfidk dks funsZ”kkRed fu.kZ; fn;s gSaA U;k;ky; dh blh xfrfof/k dks *U;kf;d

lfØ;rk* dk uke fn;k x;k gSA nwljs “kCnksa esa] bldk vFkZ g S& U;k;ikfydk }kjk ljdkj ds vU; nks

vaxksa 1⁄4fo/kkf;dk ,oa dk;Zikfydk1⁄2 dks vius laoS/kkfud nkf;Roksa ds ikyu ds fy;s ck/; djukA bls

U;kf;d fu.kZ; ysus ds ,d ,sls n”kZu ds :Ik esa n s[kk tk ldrk gS tgak U;k;k/kh”k lafo/kkuokn ds LFkku

ij lkoZtfud uhfr ds ckjs esa vius fopkj izdV djrs gSaA U;kf;d lfØ;rk dks U;kf;d xfr”khyrk Hkh

dgrs gSaA ;g U;kf;d l a;e ds fcydqy foijhr gSA ftldk eryc gS U;k;ikfydk }kjk vkRe&fu;a=.k

cuk, j[kukA2

U;kf;d lfØ;rk U;kf;d “kfDRk ds mi;ksx dk ,d rjhdk gS tks fd U;k;k/kh”kksa dks

izsfjr djrk gS fd og lkekU; :Ik ls O;ogkj eas yk;s tkus okys dBksj U;kf;d izfØ;kvksa ,oa iwoZ fu;eks a

dks izxfr”khy ,oa ubZ lkekftd uhfr;ksa ds i{k esa R;kx nsaA blesa ,sls fu.kZ; ns[kus esa vkrs gSa ftle sa

lkekftd vfHk;a=.k vFkok bathfu;fjax gksrk gSA vusd voljksa ij fo/kkf;dk ,oa dk;Zikfydk laca/kh

ekeyksa esa n[kyankth Hkh gksrh gSA3

U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk bfrgkl

U;kf;d lfØ;rk dh vo/kkj.kk dk tUe la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh la?kh; vnkyrksa ls gqvk] ftle sa

lafo/kku dh O;k[;k dk vf/kdkj U;k;ikfydk ds nk;js esa j[kdj U;k;ky;ksa dks ,d egRoiw.kZ mRrj

nkf;Ro lkSaik x;kA Hkkjr esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk tUe U;k;ikfydk }kjk ekSfyd vf/kdkj vkSj uhfr

funs”kd rRoksa ds chp mfpr rkyesy LFkkfir djus ds mn~ns”; ls bl laca/k esa Rofjr fu.kZ; nsu s ls

gqvkA U;k;ikfydk us fofHkUu vuqPNsnksa ds e/; lg&laca/k LFkkfir djds U;k;ifkydk dks dk;Zdkfj.kh

Page 3 of 12

European Journal of Business &

Social Sciences

Available at https://ejbss.org/

ISSN: 2235-767X

Volume 06 Issue 10

October 2018

Available online: https://ejbss.org/ P a g e | 118

ds {ks=kf/kdkj e sa i zos”k dju s dk volj iznku fd;kA ,d ys[kd ds vuqlkj U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk vk/kkj

eq[; :Ik ls iakp vuqPNsn gS& 14] 19] 21] 32 rFkk 39AA ftUgs a mlus ifo= iapHkqt dgk gSA

U;k;ikfydk us bl n`f’Vdks.k dk izfriknu fd;k fd ;fn dk;Zdkfj.kh mi;qDr vuqPNsnksa }kjk fuf”pr

fd;s x;s vf/kdkjksa vkSj fl)kUrksa dks dk;kZfUor ugha djsxh rks lafo/kku dk laj{kd gksus ds ukrs ;g

U;k;ikfydk dk vf/kdkj vkSj l aoS/kkfud nkf;Ro gS fd og dk;Zdkfj.kh dks vko”;d vkn s”k vkSj funZs”k

nsA4 1967 esa xksydukFk cuke iatkc jkT; ds ekeysa eas tc loksZPp U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k fd

lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 368 eas dsoy lafo/kku esa la”kks/ku izfØ;k fufgr gS rFkk laln dks ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa

1⁄4lafo/kku ds Hkkx&31⁄2 esa la”kks/ku dh “kfDRk izkIr ugha gS] rks bls U;k;ikfydk dh lfØ;rk ds :Ik esa

ns[kk x;kA ckn esa tc laln us lafo/kku esa 24oka la”kks/ku djds xksydukFk cuke iatkc jkT; ds ekey sa

esa lokZsPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn;s x;s fu.kZ; dks vizHkkoh dj fn;k rks lokZsPp U;k;ky; us ds”kokuUn

Hkkjrh cuke dsjy 1⁄419731⁄2 ds ekeys esa 24osa la”kks/ku dks ;g dgr s gq;s fof/kekU; crk;k fd laln vius

fdlh Hkh la”kks/ku ds rgr lafo/kku ds ewy <kaps dks ifjofrZr ugha dj dlrhA 42osa lafo/kku la”kks/ku

1⁄419761⁄2 }kjk laln us U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; dks vizHkkoh cuku s dk iz;kl fd;k vkSj ;g O;oLFkk dh fd

vuqPNsn 368 laln dks l afo/kku esa l a”kks/ku dh vlhfer “kfDr nsrk gS vkSj vuqPNsn 368 ds v/khu fd;s

x;s la”kks/kuksa dks U;k;ky; eas pquk Srh ugha nh tk ldrhA ysfdu lokZsPp U;k;ky; us feuokZ fey cuke

Hkkjr la?k 1⁄419801⁄2 ds ekeys esa lafo/kku ds ekSfyd <kaps esa vla”kks/kuh;rk ds vius iwoZ fu.kZ; dks iqu%

LFkkfir djrs gq;s ;g fu.kZ; fn;k fd vuqPNsn 368 esa tksM+s x;s [k.M 04 vkSj 05 dks bl vk/kkj ij

vlaoS/kkfud ?kksf’kr fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g l afo/kku ds ewyHk wr <kaps dks izHkkfor djrk gSA 1980 esa

*ihiqYl ;wfu;u QWkj MseksØsfVd jkbV ~l cuke ;wfu;u vkQW bf.M;k* esa fn;s x;s fu.kZ; ls tufgr

;kfpdk (Public Interest Litig ation-PIL) dk tUe gqvk] ftlesa U;k;ky; us ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k

fd ;g vko”;d ugh a fd ihfM+r O;fDRk gh U;k;ky; esa ;kfpdk nk;j djs vfirq ihM+r O;fDRk dh vksj

ls fdlh vU; O;fDRk ;k laLFkk }kjk Hkh ;kfpdk nk;j dh tk ldrh gSA tufgr ;kfpdk,a U;k;ikfydk

dh lfØ;rk esa o`f) ds ,d egRoiw.kZ vkSj cM+k dkj.k gSaA tufgrokn dk fl)kUr LFkkfir gksus ds

Ik”pkr U;k;ky;ksa esa tufgr ;kfpdk, a vf/kd la[;k esa lafLFkr dh tkus yxh vkSj U;k;ky;ksa us vf/kd

lfØ;rk dk ifjp; nsr s gq, vusd ekeyksa es a dk;Zikfydk dks funZs”kkRed fu.kZ; fn;sA

gky ds o’kkZsa esa flfoy lkslkbVh vkSj xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dh yxkrkj c<+rh Hkwfedk us iz”kklu dks

igys dh rqyuk eas vf/kd tuksUeq[k o tokcnsg cuku s dk dk;Z fd;k gS vkSj bl fn”kk esa U;k;ikfydk

us vf/kd lfØ;rk dk ifjp; nsr s gq; bl fufeRr ,d ek/;e dk dk;Z fd;k gSA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh