Page 1 of 11
Journal for Studies in Management and Planning
Available at
http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/JSMaP/
e-I SSN: 2395-0463
Vol ume 02 I s s ue 9
September 2016
Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/JSMaP/ P a g e | 160
Self-Compacting Concrete Using Marble Sludge
Powder and Crushed Rock Dust
1M.Manjusha, 13FF1D8711, manjushamajeti4@gmail.com
Mandava Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Vidya Nagar, Krishna District, Jaggayyapet, Andhra Pradesh, 521175.
2Mr. D. Aditya Sairam, M-Tech. Associate Professor.
Abs tract:
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) has had a
remarkable impact on the concrete construction
industry, especially the precast concrete industry.
Crushed Rock Dust (CRD) and Marble Sludge
Powder (MSP) are discarded in the nearby land and
the natural fertility of the soil is spoiled. MSP and
CRD can be used as filler and helps to reduce the
total voids content in concrete. Consequently, this
contributes to improve the strength of concrete. An
experimental investigation has been carried out to
study the combined effect of addition of MSP and
CRD on the strength and durability of SCC. The
study on physical, chemical and mechanical
properties such as compressive strength and split
tensile strength and the durability tests include water
absorption test, water permeability, rapid chloride
permeability; electrical resistivity and half-cell
potential are carried out in this study. From the
results it is confirmed that compressive strength
increases with increase in percentage replacement of
MSP up to 15% of CRD in place of FA. It is found
that split tensile strength is directly proportional to
the compressive strength. The highest electrical
resistivity values were obtained for Normal Concrete
with 100% CRD and significant increase in
resistivity values for SCC. .
Keywords
Self-Compacting Concrete, Marble Sludge
Powder, Crushed Rock Dust, Corrosion and Filler.
1. Introduction
There is an increasing alarm now that the choice
of construction materials must also be governed by
ecological considerations. In the beginning of the
20th Century, the world population was 1.5 billion;
by the end of the 20th century it had risen to 6 billion
and now, in the year 2011 it is 7 billion.
Sustainability involves that the needs of the present
generation are met without wasting, polluting,
harmful, destroying the environment and without
compromising the ability of the future generations to
meet their needs. Internationally, efforts are being
made to incorporate the concept of sustainability in
design and construction of infrastructural systems.
The ASCE (2005) Code of Ethics calls for Civil
Engineers to incorporate the principles of sustainable
development in their practice. Even a small reduction
of the environmental impact per ton of concrete will
result in large environmental benefits because of the
huge amount of concrete produced today. Research
and development to convert these industrial wastes to
useful application such as a construction material
will provide more alternatives for the engineer to
select the most suitable concrete replacement
material for different environments.
1.1 Crus hed Rock Dus t (CRD)
Quarry waste fine aggregate, which is generally
referred as a CRD, causes an environmental load due
to disposal problem. Hence, the use of CRD in
concrete mix will reduce not only the demand for
natural sand but also the environmental problem. In
brief, the successful utilization of CRD will turn this
waste material into a valuable resource.
Unfortunately, limited research has been conducted
to explore the effective utilization of CRD in
concrete mix. Zain et al. (1999) recommended that
the CRD for production of high strength concrete
compared to river sand. Mujtaba et al. (2005) found
higher content of CRD in the aggregate increases the
fineness and the total surface area of aggregate
particles, where surface area is measured in terms of
specific surface, i.e. the ratio of the total surface area
of all the particles to their volume.
1.2 Marble Slud ge Powder (MSP)
In India the extractive activity of decorative
sedimentary carbonate rocks, commercially indicated
as ‘‘Marbles’’ and “Granites”, is one of the most
thriving industries. MSP is generated as a waste
during the cutting and polishing of the marble. Misra
et al. (2002) pointed out that, in India the amount of
the MSP generated is very substantial being in the
range of 5-6 million tones per annum. The heaps of
this MSP acquire large land areas and remain
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e-I SSN: 2395-0463
Vol ume 02 I s s ue 9
September 2016
Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/JSMaP/ P a g e | 161
scattered all around, spoiling the aesthetics of the
entire region and have affecting the tourism and
industrial potential of the state.
Brian (2004) analyzed the effect of addition of
MSP with Portland cement modifies the relative
content in hydrates as well as the microstructure. The
MSP reacts with free Ca(OH)2 to produce calcium
silicate hydrate. Thus, the amount of binder is
increased, which both increases the strength and
reduces the permeability by densifying the matrix of
the concrete. The addition of MSP as filler is a
possibility to achieve this in the most satisfactory
way. Fillers have been reported to accelerate the
cement hydration in some cases. Examples of
increased compressive strength also exist. This is
believed to be due to a general filler effect, i.e. that
the cement hydration products may grow faster and
become more evenly distributed in the presence of
small mineral particles. In addition to the general
filler effect, there might be chemical effects, in some
cases pozzolanic reactions. The use of fillers can
considerably improve the transport properties and
durability of concrete.
1.3 Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
SCC is a highly fluid concrete that does not
require any vibration during the placement process.
Thus, this kind of concrete is of great interest,
especially according to the economical, technical and
environmental considerations (Skarendahl et al.,
2003; Walraven et al., 2003). The highly cohesive
nature of the concrete ensures that it can pass
through closely spaced reinforcing bars and restricted
sections without loss of homogeneity. The successful
development of SCC would advance the concrete
technology into a new era. It is definite that the use
of SCC can help to improve the overall quality of
concrete structures. Various researches has been
carried out regarding the fresh properties, mix
design, placing methods and strength of various SCC
mixes (Domone et al., 2007; Ozawa et al., 1998;
Skarendahl et al., 1999). However, very limited work
has been done systematically to assess the durability
performance of SCC, in comparison with
traditionally vibrated normal concrete.
2. Objectives of the Study
The concrete industry is the largest user of virgin
materials such as sand, gravel, crushed rock, and
fresh water. Conventional concrete aggregate
consists of sand (FA) and various sizes and shapes of
gravel or stones. However, there is a growing interest
in substituting alternative aggregate materials. Even
though aggregate typically accounts for 70% to 80%
of the concrete volume, it is commonly thought of as
inert filler having little effect on the finished concrete
properties. The demand of natural sand is quite high
in developing countries owing to rapid infrastructural
growth. Lack of extensive reliable data on aggregate
substitutes can impede its use. CRD and MSP are
discarded in the nearby land and the natural fertility
of the soil is spoiled. To avoid the pollution and
reuse the waste material, the present study is carried
out. The general objective of this study is to evaluate
the performance of the selected SCC mix and to
study the influence of filler materials on the
properties of SCC.
1. Significance of the Study
Availability of natural sand for concrete is
alarming in the last decades as a result of ecological
and environmental limitations. Therefore, a
replacement of river sand with CRD and MSP is
motivating in this context. The use of CRD and MSP
as a substitute for FA in concrete mix is a successful
option and also that can reduce waste disposal
problem. Research and development to convert these
industrial wastes into useful application such as a
construction material will provide more alternatives
for the engineer to select the most suitable concrete
replacement material for different environments.
Studies are essential to learn the performance of
concrete using CRD and MSP as FA.
Moreover, there is a lack of research or published
data pertaining to locally produced SCC. The SCC
provides substantial opportunities to both designer
and contractor.
2. Scope of the Study
Strength is one of the most important properties of
concrete in structural design that the structural
elements must be capable of carrying their own self
weight and imposed loads. Hence, physical, chemical
and mechanical properties of compressive strength
and split tensile strength test are conducted. Water
absorption test, electrical resistivity, ultrasonic pulse
velocity and half-cell potential test are conducted in
order to find the influence of CRD and MSP on the
quality and performance of concrete. The results of
this project should provide information that will help
to reduce the material cost of SCC and contribute to
the development and usage of SCC in construction
industry.
3. Materials
3.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 43 grade
having a specific surface of 412.92 m2/kg and
conforming to IS: 8112-1989 was used. The cement
was kept in an airtight container and stored in the
humidity-controlled room to prevent cement from
being exposed to moisture. Chemical Composition of
Cement, sand, crushed dust and marble sludge used in the study are given in Table 1.
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September 2016
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3.2 Sand
The sand used in this research for preparation of
normal concrete is natural river sand conforming to
grading zone-II as per IS: 383-1970 with specific
gravity 2.68 and having fineness modulus as 3.42.
The amount of fines less than 0.125 mm is to be
considered as powder and is very important for the
rheology of the SCC. This material is dried at room
temperature for 24 hours to control the water content
in the concrete. The maximum size of FA is taken to
be 4.75 mm. The testing of sand is done as per IS:
2386-1963. The sieve analysis results are shown in
Table 2.
3.3 Marble Sludge Powder (MSP)
MSP was obtained in wet form directly taken
from deposits of Marble factories. Wet MSP must be
dried before the sample preparation. MSP contains
several Marble types and Marble particles. Hence,
waste Marble sludge was sieved from 1mm sieve.
The high content of CaO confirmed that the original
stones were Marble and limestone. The sludge was
also tested to identify the absence of organic matter,
thus confirming that it could be used in concrete
mixtures.
3.4 Crus hed Rock Dus t
The CRD used in the investigation was obtained
from local crusher industry. The specific gravity of
the CRD is 2.72 and bulk density is 1820 kg/m3.
3.5 Cours e Aggregate
The type of coarse aggregate used is angular
aggregates with rough surfaces from crushed natural
rock stone aggregate of nominal size of 20 mm was
used. Coarse aggregate Specific gravity is 2.74; bulk
density is 1636 kg/m3.
3.6 W ater
In this study, normal tap water available in the
concrete laboratory was used. Water conforming to
the requirements of water for concreting and curing
as per IS: 456-2000.
3.7 High -Range W ater-Reducing Admixture
Commercially available high-range water- reducing admixture (HRWRA) Conplast SP430A1
from Fosroc Chemicals (India) Limited, Bangalore
was used to produce high workability concrete. The
Specific gravity of the Conplast SP430A is 1.18 to
1.20 at 20oC.
4. Mix Design
The basic components for the mix composition of
SCC are the same as in normal concrete. However,
Brian (2004) stated that the importance of adding
higher proportion of ultra-fine materials and the
inclusion of chemical admixtures, in particularly an
effective HRWRA in the SCC to improve the
properties of fresh concrete. For both concrete types,
the cement and water content is similar, however a
decrease in CA content with a corresponding
increase in fillers and sand is required in SCC in
order to ensure high flowability without segregation.
Okamura and Ozawa (1995) have proposed a simple
mix proportioning system for SCC, which will
henceforth be referred to as Japanese Method. The
CA and FA contents are fixed so that self- compatibility can be achieved easily by adjusting the
W/P ratio and HRWRA dosage only. Acceptance
criteria for SCC recommended by EFNARC (2002)
are given in Table 3 and Table 4 represents the Mix
proportion.
The mix design procedure of Japanese method is
as follows:
The CA content (all particles larger than 4 mm
and smaller than maximum size of aggregate) is
fixed in the range of 50 to 60% of the solid
volume or 28 to 35% of the concrete volume or
700 to 900 kg/m3 of concrete.
The FA content (all particles larger than 0.125 mm and smaller than 4 mm) is fixed in the range of 40 to
50% of the mortar volume.
