Page 1 of 10
Journal for Studies in Management and Planning
Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/index.php/JSMaP
e-ISSN: 2395-0463
Volume 01 Issue 07
August 2015
Available online: http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 370
Utilization of Contraceptives among HIV Positive
Degree Women in Pakistan.
Maria Saman ; Muhammad Muneeb Afzal ; Uzma Azeem ; Rukiya Tariq
Department of Public Health, MPH, University of the Punjab
ABSTRACT:
Human immunodeficiency virus transmission
spread from female parent –to –baby and in
every twenty-hour period, young’s are the major
victim of this transmission. To treat this
transmission family planning and contraceptives
methods are taken into account. The basic
intention of our research is to define the
understanding of contraceptives and related
reason among Human immunodeficiency virus in
positive degree reproductive age woman. A
hospital –founded cross-sectional
research directed in age group 25-35 from year
2010 to 2014. Structured and pretested
questionnaire obtained from the respondents.
Frequency distribution, Bi-variate analysis (Chi- square) and Logistic regression used. Most of
the study participants had heard about
contraceptives but less than 50 % were using
contraceptives. Most frequently used method is
the dual contraceptive method to prevent the
unplanned pregnancy in HIV positive degree
women. The degree of spending on contraceptive
was much higher in secondary educated women
as paralleled to illiterate person women. We had
concluded that HIV positive childbearing women
are not using contraceptives according to their
need.
Key words: Contraceptives, HIV positive
women, Transmission from female parent to
baby.
INTRODUCTION
The epidemic of Human immunodeficiency virus
is a reality wide leading public health problem in
which person life with Human
immunodeficiency virus are now added as 39
million. The most affected neighborhood from
HIV transmission is sub-Saharan Africa in which
24.7 million persons are living with HIV
infection in 2013 and accounts for almost 70% of
the universal total of new transmission. In the
end of 2012, persons with middle and low
average income states continued getting anti -
retroviral therapy [1]. According to W. H. O. and
U. N. A. I. D. S. approximation near 35 million
persons living with HIV infection worldwide by
the end of 2013. In the same year, about 2.1
million persons found as recently diseased and
1.5 million persons deceased of A.I.D.S. -
associated causes [2]. Preponderance of HIV
Page 2 of 10
Journal for Studies in Management and Planning
Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/index.php/JSMaP
e-ISSN: 2395-0463
Volume 01 Issue 07
August 2015
Available online: http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 371
infection in Islamic republic of Pakistan reaches
to 5% but in 2009, U.N.A.I.D.S. Pakistan and
the national A.I.D.S controller condition political
program estimated that there were around 98 000
(79 000–120 000) HIV cases in Pakistan, with an
overall prevalence of population was less than
0.05%. However, epidemic goes on increasing
with prevalence of 20% among people using
same drug injecting needle, 2-3% through sexual
contact and male and transgender hijra sex
workers have 4% prevalence. Approximating
several emerging states, Islamic Republic of
Pakistan have expression of raised threat of HIV
transmission as a consequence of scarceness, low
gear literacy, gender-related securement,
ignorance about mode of transmission and the
stigmatization that prohibits people with risk
behaviours from seeking HIV testing or
disclosing their Human immunodeficiency virus
positive status [3]. HIV attacks our immune
system; as a result person becomes weaker and is
more liable to various acute and chronic
diseases. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
reflected as the most liberal stage of HIV
infection and takes 10 to 15 years for HIV
infected person. HIV infection transmitted
through unprotected sexual contact, on or after
female parent to child through maternity period,
delivery and breast-feeding. Line transfusion,
organ or tissue transplantation, contamination of
needles also contributed too much towards HIV
infection across the world [4]. To control the
transmission of Human immunodeficiency virus
various contraceptive device method are used
[5]. Effective and fruitful data shall be given to
every adult female about the number and spacing
of children, regarding use of contraceptive or
non- contraceptive device methods [6].
METHODOLOGY
Evading of unplanned pregnancy among Human
immunodeficiency virus positive degree women
is a severe world health problem and is the
significant argumentation of plan of attack of
World Health Organization to protect child from
female parent’s Human immunodeficiency virus
infection. A cross- sectional study piloted by
interviewing 203 Human immunodeficiency
virus positive women under age group 25-35
from year 2010 to 2014 in Pakistan. Pakistan is
located between North parallel of Latitude and
East Longitude. Republic of China lies in the
north, Afghanistan and Iran lies in the West,
India is in the East and Arabian Ocean is in the
South of Pakistan. Total surface domain covered
is 796,095 square kilometers. The universe of
Islamic Republic of Pakistan population in 2013
is estimated to be 180.44 million people, with an
outgrowth of about 2.1% from the last record of
the population which is less than the population
of Bangladesh and United States of America. But
in the mid of 1970s the population of Pakistan
Page 3 of 10
Journal for Studies in Management and Planning
Available at http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/index.php/JSMaP
e-ISSN: 2395-0463
Volume 01 Issue 07
August 2015
Available online: http://internationaljournalofresearch.org/ P a g e | 372
was more than the population of Bangladesh but
was less than the United States population.
Based on the total earth area and total population
of Pakistan is estimated about 555 people per
square mile. Our informant population was all
Human immunodeficiency virus positive women
of reproductive age (15–35 years) and the field
population was Human immunodeficiency virus
positive women of reproductive age from 25 to
35 years of age using contraceptive device
method. Questionnaire ready to gather
information from Human immunodeficiency
virus positive degree women. Information was
also directed on the practice of contraceptive
ways among Human immunodeficiency positive
women. In our research method, dependent
variable measure was exercise of contraceptives,
and the independent variable quantity were
featuring article of demography, characteristics
of socio-economic status, factors related to HIV,
drug incline outcome, integration of
contraceptive services and partner HIV status.
To keep up the caliber of selective information,
information gatherer and supervisor have to keep
up the objectivity, integrity and confidentiality of
information. Once questionnaire finalized it is
supplementary validated regular for variations
and broadness. The statistical data entered,
coded, edited, and analyzed using SPSS version
22.0 for windows 8. We check our study by put
on Frequency distribution (percentage), Bi -
variate analysis (Chi square) and Binary logistic
regression. Frequency distribution used for the
display of each data point or group of data in the
form of percentages. Chi square identifies a
major difference between the observed and
expected frequency in one or more class. Binary
logistic regression used to test the association
significant or not. Important associations (odds
ratio, confidence intervals, and p - value) were
also calculated. Ethical clearance and
approval from concerned health care
organizations. Participation was on a voluntary
basis and after getting informed stated consent,
and responses were kept confidential.
