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Abstract

A shell and tube heat exchanger are the best common type of heat exchanger in oil refineries and other large chemical process industries and is suited for higher-pressure applications. The designs of thermal energy  systems have crossed many ways in the past few decades which lead to some improvements in performance. Even though various techniques were applied to enhance heat transfer, there is still bright scope for the improvement of the performance. For many decades, efforts have been done by many researchers to enhance heat transfer of heat exchangers and finally reported a reasonable increase in heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids when compared to the respective base fluids.

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